{"id":9097,"date":"2024-12-11T18:45:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T17:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/?p=9097"},"modified":"2025-04-09T11:35:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T10:35:02","slug":"biofilm-bacterial-diversity-on-drinking-water-plastic-bags-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/?p=9097","title":{"rendered":"Genomics of Harmful Freshwater Cyanobacteria &#8211; Microcystis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9097\" class=\"elementor elementor-9097\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-27db53e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"27db53e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e8675f\" data-id=\"5e8675f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5364571 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5364571\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.11.5 - 14-03-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Key Takeaways<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5657fce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5657fce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><p>The toxin-producing freshwater Cyanobacteria &#8211; Microcystis were found in the lakes surrounding the\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color: var( --e-global-color-text )\">Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark during the summer time of 2023.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p>Fourteen\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color: var( --e-global-color-text )\">complete Microcystis genomes were analyzed with various genomics tools.<\/span><\/p><\/li><li><p>Over 50% of the Microcystis pangenome consists of accessory or unique genes, suggesting\u00a0<span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color: var( --e-global-color-text )\">a trade-off between gene gains and losses in their evolutionary pattern.<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14bc6b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"14bc6b9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d34964f\" data-id=\"d34964f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de0ffe3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de0ffe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Microcystis Cells<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c5276 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"37c5276\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.11.5 - 14-03-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"407\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/microcystis.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9100\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/microcystis.png 407w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/microcystis-300x276.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e63edd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e63edd0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bd2ab7d\" data-id=\"bd2ab7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20c012f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20c012f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>What is Microcystis?<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4475eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4475eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><p><strong>Cyanobacteria<\/strong>: Microcystis belongs to the group of cyanobacteria, conventionally called blue-green algae, organisms that are important in aquatic ecosystems due to their ability to perform photosynthesis. They contribute to primary production in these ecosystems.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Morphology<\/strong>: Microcystis species typically form colonies that are composed of cells surrounded by mucilaginous sheaths. This characteristic structure can create a scum-like appearance on the surface of water bodies when they bloom.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)<\/strong>: One of the most notable features of Microcystis is its tendency to form harmful algal blooms. These blooms can produce potent toxins, most notably microcystins, which are harmful to wildlife, domestic animals, and humans.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c164d0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c164d0e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0cea7\" data-id=\"2f0cea7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40f5875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40f5875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Why Research Microcystis?<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0768d4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0768d4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><p><strong>Public Health and Safety<\/strong>: Understanding Microcystis&#8217; genomics is crucial for predicting and managing the risks posed by its toxins, which can contaminate drinking and recreational waters, leading to serious health hazards.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Environmental Protection and Ecosystem Balance<\/strong>: Genomic research aids in comprehending and mitigating the negative impacts of Microcystis blooms on aquatic ecosystems, such as oxygen depletion, sunlight blockage, and disruption of food web dynamics. It also supports effective ecosystem monitoring and management.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Scientific and Biotechnological Advancements<\/strong>: Studying Microcystis&#8217; genetic makeup provides insights into their adaptation mechanisms, particularly in response to climate change, and unveils opportunities in biotechnology, like biofuel production and bioremediation, by understanding the mechanisms of toxin production and potential biotechnological applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b845805 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b845805\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27ef3d3\" data-id=\"27ef3d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-827a543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"827a543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Study Design<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03ddd50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03ddd50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Microcystis in the Frederiksborg Castle Lake<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c5559b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c5559b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/castle.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9102\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/castle.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/castle-135x300.jpg 135w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/castle-461x1024.jpg 461w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a777d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a777d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/maps.app.goo.gl\/qJqYFNAsYb1sREXw7\">Slotss\u00f8en<\/a> Lake is covered with a thick, greenish layer caused by a bloom of Microcystis, a type of blue-green algae. This greenish layer floats on the surface and often gathers around the edges or spreads across the water, moved by wind and currents. This not only changes how the lake looks, making it less clear and more like a green soup, but also harms the water&#8217;s health. The algae block sunlight from reaching deeper into the water, affecting other aquatic life, and can produce toxins that are dangerous to people, animals, and the environment<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517ccae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517ccae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Sampling of Microcystis Biomass<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35e35c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35e35c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>1. Field Collection at the Lake<\/h6><ul><li><strong>Preparation<\/strong>: Wear sterile gloves.<\/li><li><strong>Sampling<\/strong>: Use a 50 ml centrifuge tube to collect floating algae from the lake&#8217;s surface. Ensure the sample volume does not exceed 50% of the tube&#8217;s capacity to avoid creating an anaerobic environment due to high biomass and limited air volume.<\/li><li><strong>Settling<\/strong>: Allow the sample to settle for about 5 minutes. A qualified sample should have a 0.5 to 1.0 cm thick layer of algae on top. If the layer is too thin, collect additional samples from different locations in the lake.<\/li><li><strong>Storage<\/strong>: Immediately store the sample in a foam box with ice packs.<\/li><\/ul><h6>2. Laboratory Processing<\/h6><ul><li><strong>Settling<\/strong>: Allow the 50 ml centrifuge tube to stand still for 10 to 30 minutes, so all particles float to the top.<\/li><\/ul><h6>3. Preparing for Microscopic Examination<\/h6><ul><li><strong>Setup<\/strong>: Prepare three Petri dishes and place them in order. Add 3 to 5 ml of sterile water to each dish.<\/li><\/ul><h6>4. Algae Transfer and Washing<\/h6><ul><li><strong>Transfer Tool Preparation<\/strong>: Use a 1 ml pipette tip, cutting off the tip end to facilitate the transfer of larger volumes.<\/li><li><strong>Algae Transfer<\/strong>: Transfer approximately 50 \u03bcl (volume adjusted based on cyanobacteria concentration) of algae from the 50 ml tube to the first Petri dish.<\/li><li><strong>Washing Procedure<\/strong>:<ul><li>In the first dish, the algae particles will disperse and float. Use a sterile inoculating loop to pick the largest particles and transfer them to the second dish for rinsing.<\/li><li>Repeat the transfer to the third dish. This step aims to wash off loosely adhering bacteria from the algae particles.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Final Transfer<\/strong>: Transfer the washed algae particle into a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube or a 2 ml cryotube. Add 0.2 ml of TE buffer to ensure DNA preservation.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0027bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0027bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>DNA Extraction, Sequencing and Bioinformatics<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16871e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16871e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>DNA extraction and sequencing<\/strong><\/p><p>Microbiome DNA was extracted using a FastPure Microbiome DNA Isolation Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. DNA quantity and quality were assessed with a nano-spectrophotometer at mBioWorks Copenhagen, Denmark.\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color: var( --e-global-color-text );background-color: var( --e-global-color-f898f31 )\">The sequencing library was constructed according to standard DNA nanoballs (DNB)-based protocols from MGI. The DNA library was paired-end sequenced (2\u00d7150) on an MGISEQ-2000 sequencer.<\/span><\/p><p><strong style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );color: var( --e-global-color-text );background-color: var( --e-global-color-f898f31 )\">Bioinformatic Pipeline<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Adapter\/quality trimming: fastp<\/li><li>Assembly: spades\/unicycler<\/li><li>Assembly report: quast<\/li><li>Genome classification: gtdbtk<\/li><li>Quality assessment: checkm<\/li><li><span style=\"font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-size );font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color: var( --e-global-color-text );background-color: var( --e-global-color-f898f31 )\">Genome annotation: pgap, DRAMs, RAST<\/span><\/li><li>Pangenome: Anvio<\/li><li>Secondary metabolites: Antismash<\/li><li>Ancestor reconstruction:\u00a0FastDTLmapper<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><div><p>The following Microcystis genomes were included in the following data visualization.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0056b9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0056b9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"6040\" height=\"3040\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9115\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains.png 6040w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains-1024x515.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains-768x387.png 768w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains-1536x773.png 1536w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/strains-2048x1031.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 6040px) 100vw, 6040px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eee49a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eee49a9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbafaef\" data-id=\"bbafaef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10213c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10213c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Results<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6fb5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa6fb5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Raw reads quality report<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3403b40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3403b40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A typical read quality report generated with fastqc or fastp:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76e580d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76e580d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2790\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-8639\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc.png 2790w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc-300x184.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc-1024x627.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc-768x470.png 768w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc-1536x940.png 1536w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/fastqc-2048x1253.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2790px) 100vw, 2790px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25032f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"25032f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"813\" height=\"810\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/fastp.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9119\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/fastp.jpg 813w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/fastp-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/fastp-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/fastp-768x765.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3aefc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f3aefc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Before filtering of reads:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f763004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f763004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9120\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats.jpg 788w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a12fa1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a12fa1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After filtering of reads:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0db4f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0db4f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"788\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9156\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats2.jpg 788w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats2-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/base-stats2-768x503.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1e4182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1e4182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Genome assembly assessment<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09daf00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"09daf00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1488\" height=\"838\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/quast.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9121\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/quast.jpg 1488w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/quast-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/quast-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/quast-768x433.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1488px) 100vw, 1488px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f676a86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f676a86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Genome annotation<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01f57d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"01f57d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1052\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/subsystem.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9122\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/subsystem.jpg 1052w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/subsystem-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/subsystem-1024x580.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/subsystem-768x435.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1052px) 100vw, 1052px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ec15e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ec15e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2540\" height=\"1516\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes.png 2540w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes-1024x611.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes-768x458.png 768w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes-1536x917.png 1536w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/ETC_complexes-2048x1222.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2540px) 100vw, 2540px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fbcdf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3fbcdf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2619\" height=\"994\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9148\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions.png 2619w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions-1024x389.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions-768x291.png 768w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions-1536x583.png 1536w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/functions-2048x777.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2619px) 100vw, 2619px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f2c2b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f2c2b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Identification of secondary metabolites biosynthesis gene cluster<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2658a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9d2658a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"974\" height=\"709\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/secondary-metabolite.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9127\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/secondary-metabolite.jpg 974w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/secondary-metabolite-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/secondary-metabolite-768x559.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-094d3de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"094d3de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Reconstruction of energy\/metabolism pathways<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68972ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68972ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sulfur cycle as an example.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b38c14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b38c14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1236\" height=\"1174\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sulfur-cycle.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9128\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sulfur-cycle.jpg 1236w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sulfur-cycle-300x285.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sulfur-cycle-1024x973.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/sulfur-cycle-768x729.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1236px) 100vw, 1236px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c169c05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c169c05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Phylogenomics<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5e67ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5e67ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Phylogenomic tree was depicted to reveal the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Microcystis, based on 92 Core Gene Sequences. The numbers at each node indicate gene support indexes, with the maximum value being 92. Ma_S464 is used as the outgroup for this analysis. The scale bar denotes 0.001 substitutions per nucleotide position.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dafaff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2dafaff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2026\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9129\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1.png 2026w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1-1024x366.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/phylogenomics-tree-1-1536x549.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2026px) 100vw, 2026px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c13b73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c13b73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Pangenome of Microcystis<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4249906 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4249906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This figure illustrates the gene clusters arranged according to their prevalence across different Microcystis genomes, with clusters shared by the same group of isolates positioned nearer to each other. The genomes are organized based on their Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values. The subsequent two layers provide details on gene clusters where at least one gene has been functionally annotated, either through Pfam or COG databases.<\/p>\n<p>The pan-genome analysis of Microcystis reveals significant intra- and inter-cluster genetic variations. A notable observation is the identical pan-genomes within specific clusters. For example, in Cluster 2, the genomes Ma_NIES2481 and Ma_NIES2549 exhibit identical pan-genomes. Similarly, Ma_PCC7806, Ma_PCC7806SC, and Ma_DIANCHI905 within Cluster 1 also share identical pan-genomes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42eab88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"42eab88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1510\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pangenome.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9130\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pangenome.png 1430w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pangenome-284x300.png 284w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pangenome-970x1024.png 970w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/pangenome-768x811.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1430px) 100vw, 1430px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ba03d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2ba03d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b>Ancestral reconstruction of Microcystis<\/b><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cdb2d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cdb2d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Reconstruction of the Last Common Ancestor of Microcystis (N002) and Its Genomic Features: This ancestor was reconstructed with approximately 4,346 protein-coding genes. Out of these, 1,595 genes were identified as gains, many of which are linked to DNA editing processes, including 108 genes associated with functions such as transposase, endodeoxyribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease activities. In the context of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, it has been noted that about 6.8% of the genes are putative transposases. The most frequently gained or lost genes in ancestral genomes pertain to DNA editing, transporters, and ion or acid binding functions (as detailed in Table 3). A comparative analysis reveals that Cluster 2, in contrast to Clusters 1 and 3, experienced a higher loss of genes than gains, resulting in smaller genome sizes. Notably, the three genomes within Cluster 2 are characterized as non-toxic strains.<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68f6972 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"68f6972\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1430\" height=\"897\" src=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/gene_gain_loss.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-9134\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/gene_gain_loss.png 1430w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/gene_gain_loss-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/gene_gain_loss-1024x642.png 1024w, https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/gene_gain_loss-768x482.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1430px) 100vw, 1430px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4114c46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4114c46\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4051718\" data-id=\"4051718\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81eedf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81eedf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3dff7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e3dff7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The combination of 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide identity (ANI) supports the notion of Microcystis as a single species. Yet, this classification raises complexities in ecological studies. Our comprehensive pangenome analysis, encompassing 14 complete Microcystis genomes, uncovered that a significant portion\u2014over 50%\u2014of the pangenome is comprised of accessory or unique genes. This diversity within the pangenome highlights the genus&#8217;s genetic variability despite its apparent taxonomic singularity. Further, the ancestral reconstruction of gene content evolution in Microcystis reveals a dynamic interplay of gene gains and losses, particularly in areas related to DNA editing, transport, and ion or acid binding. These evolutionary trends reflect a balance between genome expansion and reduction, indicating a nuanced evolutionary strategy within the Microcystis genus. This strategy appears to be driven by the need to adapt to varied environmental conditions while maintaining core functional capabilities. Our findings underscore the value of advanced genomic analyses in unraveling the complex evolutionary pathways of ecologically significant cyanobacteria like Microcystis.<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8280837 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8280837\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c5354f\" data-id=\"1c5354f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Microcystis, a cyanobacteria genus, frequently causes harmful algal blooms in freshwater lakes. Researching its genome helps understand its environmental adaptability and informs strategies to mitigate its detrimental impacts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9100,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[64,77,88,87,86,67],"class_list":["post-9097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casestudy","tag-16s","tag-bacterial-diversity","tag-frederiksborg-castle","tag-harmful-algae","tag-lake","tag-metagenomics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9097"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9097\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9159,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9097\/revisions\/9159"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9097"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9097"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mbioworks.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}